Prozac (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors) :: Health Medicine Research Essays

Prozac (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors) Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors have been approved for use in the treatment of a wide area of psychological disorders, including major depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, bulimia nervosa, panic disorder, social phobia, post traumatic stress disorder, and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. They are also said to be effective in treating dysthymia and chronic depression. (Tollefson and Rosenbaum, 2001) The manufacturer of Prozac, Eli Lilly advertises that this drug is particularly effective in treating clinical depression, obsessive compulsive disorder, bulimia and panic disorder. The manufacturer argues that, "While Prozac cannot be said to 'cure' depression, it does help control symptoms of depression, allowing many people with depression to feel better and return to normal functioning." (Eli Lilly, www.prozac.com) The diminished side effects of Prozac and its overall effectiveness in treating depression, OCD, bulimia and panic disorder has made it the drug of choice for over two decades. More than this, many psychiatrists have attributed to the drug some amazing transformative properties above and beyond that of just diminishing the negative symptoms associated with depression. As one physician put it, "Prozac seemed to give social confidence to the habitually timid, to make the sensitive brash, to lend the introvert the social skills of a salesman." (Kramer, Peter, D., p. xvii, 1993) Indeed, he argued that Prozac made patients 'better than well' and actually served to transform personality. "The transformative powers of the medicine went beyond treating illness to changing personality, it entered into our struggle to understand the self." (Kramer, Peter, D., p. xviii, 1993) Prozac's approval for use for patients under the age of 18 has also been a particular selling point for Eli Lilly. As recently as summer 2004, NPR reported that the Journal of the American Medical Association showed that "Prozac, in combination with cognitive behavioral therapy, is highly effective for treating depression in teens. But the study also showed a small increase in 'harm-related behaviors,' including suicide attempts, among teens on Prozac." (Baron, National Public Radio, 2004, www.npr.org) Other doctors have been more cautious about the behavioral change benefits of Prozac. They warn that Prozac has produced some very serious side effects leading to several lawsuits against Eli Lilly. "These side effects include akathisia (a condition in which a person feels compelled to move about), permanent neurological damage, and suicidal obsession and acts of violence." (Null

Review and Critical Thinking Essay

Forensic science is the application of science toward the criminal justice system. 2. What three tasks or abilities does a forensic scientist have? Forensic scientists collect and analyze the evidence, give an expert testimony, and train other law enforcement individuals on how to record and collect evidence. 3. What criteria might be used to establish someone as an expert witness? In order for someone to be considered an expert witness, courts take into consideration the persons education degrees, the number of experience that the person has in this certain field, any professional organizations that the person is either a member of or if their the leader in any organizations, and if that person has publishes any books or anything they have authored. What are two of the ways that a forensic pathologist might use to help determine the time of death? One way that a forensic pathologist might use to help determine the time of death would be with Rigor Mortis and Liver Mortis conditions. When the muscles of the body relax and become rigid, it’s called Rigor Mortis, and this happens twenty-four hours after the time of death and then goes away after about thirty-six hours. Liver Mortis happens soon after death too. This condition in the body happens as the blood stops pumping through the body and settles in the lowest parts of the body toward the ground. Another condition that can determine the time of death is Algor Mortis. Algor Mortis is the gradual cooling of the body after death. Forensic pathologists would consider factors as in where the body is, the air temperature, and the size of the body to determine the temperature to determine the time of death. 5. What does a forensic anthropologist do? Forensic anthropologists have a lot of jobs. They help identify the victims of disasters, help determine whether bones and skeletal remains are from a long ago burial or whether they are from a more recent death. They also examine the bones, this helps determine the cause of death, sex, race, and age of the time of death, and in some cases where the victim was from prior to the death. Forensic anthropologists may help with facial reconstructions, which can help identify who the person is that the bones belong to. Critical Thinking Questions 1. Why do you think it is so important to use proper methods when collecting evidence from a crime scene? I think it is so important to use proper methods when collecting evidence from a crime scene because if it’s not recorded or taken care of properly, it could get mixed up with other evidence, and then you have to start at the beginning with everything. The evidence could be a link to the death, or how that person died in the case. Also if the evidence is not collected properly, then it is difficult to interpret and understand the data. 2. Why do you think forensic science has been increasingly used by the criminal justice system? The criminal justice system has increasingly been in need of forensic science because something as small as a hair follicle or a few drops of blood could help solve a part of a case. Through forensic science, the criminal justice system can tell the time of death or what was used to kill that person. They also could help to serve in court as an expert witness. 3. Which of the forensic scientist’s responsibilities do you think would be the most challenging? Why? I think the most challenging forensic scientist’s responsibilities would be analyzing the evidence. The tough part is making sure you’re getting the correct test results and the correct data. That would be really bad if you started to give out false information and then put the wrong guy in jail. 4. Which of the following forensic scientist’s responsibilities do you think would be the most interesting? Why? I think the most interesting responsibilities of a forensic scientist would be giving an expert testimony in court. When you explain your findings and information about the evidence to the jury and courthouse, you can see the criminals face when they get charged for their crime. Basically, you’re helping out the world but explaining why this criminal is bad, and you’re taking him away to say everyone else from danger. 5. Which of the specialty areas do you think you would most like to work in? Why? The specialty area I would most like to work in would be forensic pathology. They study unexplained and violent deaths of the victim. I have always been the girl who loves to find out things, no matter how gross they get. I used to dissect frogs in middle school, and that stuff didn’t scare me like the other girls and boys in the class. I feel that finding out how someone died would be a miracle to their  family as well.

Overdraft

An overdraft is when one has overdrawn at the bank. Meaning there is a negative balance due to spending more than the money that is in the bank. Bank overdraft is a temporary facility whereby a bank customer can withdraw more money than what is actually available in his/her account. Obviously the money doesn’t belong to them but belongs to the bank, so this money will need to be paid back. Normally, paying back is automatically done when money goes into the person’s account.However, a small amount of interest based on the amount overdrawn and the length of time overdrawn is charged, a bank overdraft is also a type of loan which can be used if required to provide additional working capital for a short period of time when there is a cash deficit. An overdraft is particularly useful when one has regular sales and purchases coming out of the account which could result in bad cash flow situations. The best thing to do is to avoid overdrafts entirely.Do this by creating a bud get, keeping an extra cash cushion in your account, managing your checkbook and checking your balance before making a purchase or writing a cheque. The advantage of a bank overdraft is that it is there when you need. It allows you to make essential payments whilst chasing up for your own payments, and helps to maintain cash flow. You only need to borrow what you need at the time. Overdrafts are also easy and quick to arrange, providing a good cash flow backup with the minimum of fuss.The disadvantages of a bank overdrafts is that it carries an interest and fees which is often at much higher rates than loans. This makes them very expensive for long term borrowing. You also face large charges if you go over the agreed overdraft limit. Unless specified in the terms and conditions, the bank can recall the entire overdraft at any time. This may happen if you fail to make other payments, or if you have broken terms and conditions; though sometimes the banks simply change their policies.Ov erdrafts may need to be secured against your business assets, which put them at risk if you cannot meet repayments. Unlike  loans  you can only get an overdraft from the bank where you maintain your current account. In order to get an overdraft elsewhere you need to transfer your  business bank account. Situation: Mr. T applied for an overdraft facility with collateral. He mortgaged his house in order to get an overdraft facility of RM200,000 with an interest of BLR-2. 2% with HSBC Bank (BLR-Base lending rate).RM200,000 is deposited into his account upon the completion of security documentation. Interest is only payable for the amount of money utilized and he is given a tenor of 10 years to repay back. If he does not utilize the RM 200,000, he need not pay any interest to the bank for that month. The bank only calculates interest for the utilized amount only on a daily basis. However, if he doesn’t utilize any money, the bank may impose a service charge. This type of ov erdraft facility is best for businessman.

Mozarts use of themes and motifs in the key of C Major

Mozarts use of themes and motifs in the key of C Major Free Online Research Papers Mozart’s String Quartet #19, K. 465, Piano Concerto # 21, K. 467, and his Symphony #41, K. 551, are all in the pleasant key of C major. K. 465 was written in 1785 and is the last quartet in a set of six quartets dedicated to Haydn. K. 467 was also written in 1785 and is Mozart’s last piano concerto. K. 551, the Jupiter Symphony, was finished in 1788, and is the last symphony Mozart wrote. Although these three works are in the same key and were written in close proximity to each other, they have very different and distinctive motifs and themes. Mozart’s String Quartet #19 (K. 465) was finished on January 14th, 1785 as the last in a set of six quartets dedicated to Joseph Haydn. This set of six quartets was inspired by Haydn’s Opus 33, which Haydn completed just before visiting Vienna in 1781. Mozart’s six became known as the ‘Haydn Quartets’ (Pauly 90). K. 465 is commonly referred to as the ‘dissonant quartet’ (Pauly 168). Mozart started writing the Haydn Quartets in 1782, one year after Haydn’s Opus 33. This was a very busy but productive time in his life. In the three years it took him to write the set he wrote a multitude of other works, married Constanze Weber, and had two children with his new wife, of which only one survived. After hearing these quartets, Haydn stated to Mozart’s father: â€Å"Before God, as an honest man, I tell you that your son is the greatest composer known to me in person or by name. He has taste, and, what is more, the greatest knowledge of composition.† It is because of this statement that Mozart dedicated these quartets to his â€Å"most dear friend,† Haydn. (Anonymous 705). The Haydn Quartets were Mozart’s first mature quartets, noted by the new style of writing he had developed. For the first time, Mozart uses counterpoint as means for intensification in the music. These quartets also show his like of dissonant and chromatic lines. This is very clearly stated in the first eight bars of the first movement of K. 465 (example 1) (Anonymous 705). This is the first and only time that Mozart wrote a slow introduction in a string quartet, which is probably why it is such a memorable piece. The main theme is stated in measures 23-30 by the first violin (example 2), and is repeated throughout the piece in various textures. Mozart’s Piano Concerto #21 (K. 467) was finished on March 9th, 1785, two months after he finished the Haydn Quartets. This time in his life was â€Å"the peak of his reputation as a composer and pianist.† At the time this work was finished, Mozart was having financial difficulties, even though most of his music was either published, in print, or in manuscript copies. (Anonymous 708) The history of this work is much the same as the history of K. 465 because they were finished within two months of each other. The first phrase, a short march-like motif, is repeated throughout the piece. It is used as a main melody, as well as a bass and background figure, and is repeated, to some degree, in all instruments. This motif is illustrated in example 3, measures 1-7 of this piece. This is the start of the piece, a very quiet, happy motif from the strings before the rest of the orchestra comes in. A few measures later, in mm. 12-19 (example 4), this motif is being used as a counterpoint figure in the violas and cellos to the melody line in the violins. The first measure of the motif is bounced between the low strings and the violins in mm. 148-152 (example 5), transposing each time, and seeming to keep the listener on edge because the phrase is not completed. Mozart’s last symphony, Symphony #41 (K. 551), was finished August 10th, 1788, the third symphony finished in less than two months. At this time, Mozart was having financial troubles as well as psychological issues. In regards to the financial troubles, Mozart asked his friend, Michael Puchberg for loans, but he never sought medical advice for his psychological problems, which included mourning over his six-month old daughter, Theresia, his worsening health, and the depression he was suffering from (Anonymous 710; â€Å"Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart†). K. 551 is more commonly know as The Jupiter Symphony; this title was not coined by Mozart, but by Johann Peter Salomon, for unknown reasons (Symphony No. 41 (Mozart)). In 1786, Mozart’s health took a turn for the worse, and played public concerts less frequently, which meant less income. Because of this, he and his family moved from Vienna to Alsergrund in 1788. Less than six months before the move, Mozart’s wife Constanze gave him a daughter, Theresia, whom he loved very much, but she died after the move to Alsergrund, devastating her father. (Anonymous 710). The first movement of this concerto changes styles quite often: â€Å"Within a short space of time the opening of the C major concerto, K. 467, migrates through march, cantabile style, and counterpoint.† (Irving 120). This is not strange to Mozart, and the piece flows freely throughout the styles. The opening of the first movement of this symphony is grand, and very memorable, but it is not thematic material, it is used to draw the listener in, and the first theme is stated later. A second theme is stated in the violins in measures 101-105 (example 6), and then goes right into a development of that same theme. Measures 81-83 (example 7) is foreshadowing measures 269-274 (example 8), which seems like a short break from the constantly moving violins. Also, this break is in a minor key, as opposed to C Major around it. Mozart uses a lot of dotted quarter note and eighth note rhythms, almost giving the piece a jazzy feel. This is shown in measures 277-279 (example 9). Although K. 465, K. 467, and K. 551 are all in C Major, they have very different themes and motifs. Mozart is known to write interesting and complex motifs in his minor keys, while the simple themes in these C Major works are bright and playful. The themes stated here are both simple and complex, some sounding more complex, while easy to play, and some sounding light and airy, while difficult to play. In the opening to K. 465 (ex. 1), the cello beats constant eighth note pedal tones, and seems as if it will be used as more of an accompaniment instrument throughout the piece. On the other hand, in the opening of K. 467 (ex. 3), the cello is treated as an equal to the other string instruments, making it seem as if it would be used as more of a counterpoint instrument instead of being used for accompanying chords. In the examples we have for K. 551, the cello seems to be mostly used for accompanying chords, and an occasional break into small counterpoint gestures (ex. 6). Although these pieces were only finished within two months of each other, K. 465 and K. 467 are quite different. Other than the fact that they are both in C major and are completely different types of works, they possess different qualities. K. 465 is a very dissonant quartet written with quite a bit or counterpoint throughout. K. 467 is an enjoyable piano concerto with complex parts to offset the light and airy textures. K. 551 was finished more than three years after K. 465 and K. 467, and there are many factors that changed his writing in those three years. In 1786, Mozart’s health worsened, and the number of public concerts he participated in were lower, therefore producing less income for him and his family. In December of 1787, his wife gave him a beautiful daughter, Theresia (Anonymous 710). Because of his declining health, and the sub-par amount of money Mozart was making, he and his family moved to a suburb of Vienna called Alsergrund to cut costs. However, this ended up not having any effect on the income. Only a couple months after moving, Mozart’s six month old daughter, Theresia died from unknown causes, devastating her mother and father. It seems as if Mozart was suffering from depression at the time he wrote this symphony, probably because of the death of his only daughter, his declining health, and the fact that they were poor. It seems that right before his daughter died, Mozart started writing letters to Michael Puchberg, four in total, pleading for a loan, saying that he will be paid back quickly, when Mozart has planned concert series running. This concert series probably never took place. The loan was starting to be paid back just before Mozart died, the rest of it paid back by his wife, Constanze after his death, when she sold off his scores. This was at least the second loan Mozart asked for, another one was asked for in November of 1785 from his friend E.A. Hoffman (Anonymous 708) Mozart’s depression and worsened health did not affect the amount of writing he did, it only affected the writing itself. In K. 551, Mozart starts with full orchestra, and the thematic material doesn’t enter until the twenty-fourth bar, which is quite different than K. 465 and K. 467, where they start with thematic material right from the beginning of the piece. K. 551 is also a good representation of rests creating atmosphere as much as sound. In measure seventy-nine, Mozart stops all of the action on a half cadence, and has five beats of rest before re-entering with a slow minor feel, which almost sound like the next movement, but then he jumps back into the thematic material from before, only really resolving the chord until measure ninety-three. This is probably why it is described as in the â€Å"spirit of the comic opera† (Sisman 46). These three works were written in what the The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians calls the peak of Mozart’s reputation as a composer and pianist (708). Although they were all in C Major and written in close proximity to each other, they really are quite different. Research Papers on Mozart's use of themes and motifs in the key of C MajorInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesHip-Hop is ArtHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductThe Spring and AutumnAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfWhere Wild and West MeetQuebec and CanadaEffects of Television Violence on Children

Quotations

Quotations Quotations Quotations By Mark Nichol When quotations are integrated into the syntax of a sentence, joining forces with a paraphrase to create an extended statement, the first word in the original quote is generally not capitalized. Here are three examples of sentences in which the quotation’s initial word is demoted. 1. Without federal instructions, he added, â€Å"People are just going to keep putting stuff out on the road with no guidance on how do we do this the right way.† The quotation marks accurately denote the speaker’s exact statement, but the writer has inserted a modifying phrase to provide additional context, paraphrasing the speaker’s intent. Because the combination of this phrase and the original statement constitute a grammatically complete sentence, the first word of the original quotation should be lowercased to indicate that it has been incorporated into a more comprehensive statement: â€Å"Without federal instructions, he added, ‘people are just going to keep putting stuff out on the road with no guidance on how do we do this the right way.’† (As originally written, the implication is that the person added the comment despite having no federal instructions.) 2. â€Å"You can admit that ‘Yes, there is a need in a humane society for institutions that take care of people who are poor.’† As with the previous example, the initial paraphrase has been inserted to provide context, so yes is no longer the first word of a sentence. Also, normally, when that serves as a bridge from a paraphrase to a quotation, in order to provide a seamless syntax, no punctuation follows that. Here, however, yes is an interjection, so it must be preceded and followed by punctuation: â€Å"You can admit that, ‘yes, there is a need in a humane society for institutions that take care of people who are poor.’† 3. The lawsuit also alleges that Remington and the other defendants â€Å"Marketed and promoted the assaultive qualities and military uses of AR-15s to civilian purchasers.† Here, the quoted material was never stated or written as a complete sentence. As a partial quotation, it should begin with a word that starts with a lowercase letter: â€Å"The lawsuit also alleges that Remington and the other defendants ‘marketed and promoted the assaultive qualities and military uses of AR-15s to civilian purchasers.’† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:10 Rules for Writing Numbers and Numerals80 Idioms with the Word TimeShore It Up

The Schlieffen Plan and World War One

The Schlieffen Plan and World War One As the crisis which began World War One was developing from assassination, through calls of revenge round to paranoid imperial competition, Germany found itself facing the possibility of attacks from east and west at the same time. They had feared this for years, and their solution, which was soon put into action with German declarations of war against both France and Russia, was the Schlieffen Plan. Changing Heads of German Strategy In 1891, Count Alfred von Schlieffen became German Chief of Staff. He had succeeded the wholly successful General Hellmuth von Moltke, who together with Bismarck had won a series of short wars and created the new German Empire. Moltke feared a great European war might result if Russia and France allied against the new Germany, and decided to counter it by defending in the west against France, and attacking in the east to make small territorial gains from Russia. Bismarck aimed to prevent the international situation from ever reaching that point, by trying hard to keep France and Russia separated. However, Bismarck died, and Germanys diplomacy collapsed. Schlieffen was soon faced with the encirclement Germany feared when Russia and France allied, and he decided to draw up a new plan, one which would seek a decisive German victory on both fronts. The Schlieffen Plan The result was the Schlieffen Plan. This involved a rapid mobilization, and the bulk of the entire German army attacking through the western lowlands into northern France, where they would sweep round and attack Paris from behind its defences. France was assumed to be planning – and making – an attack into Alsace-Lorraine (which was accurate), and prone to surrendering if Paris fell (possibly not accurate). This entire operation was expected to take six weeks, at which point the war in the west would be won and Germany would then use its advanced railway system to move its army back to the east to meet the slowly mobilizing Russians. Russia could not be knocked out first, because their army could withdraw for miles deep into Russia if necessary. Despite this being a gamble of the highest order, it was the only real plan Germany had. It was fed by the vast paranoia in Germany that there had to be a reckoning between the German and Russian empires, a battle which should t ake place sooner, while Russia was relatively weak, and not later, when Russia might have modern railways, guns and more troops. There was, however, one major problem. The ‘plan’ was not operational, and wasn’t even really a plan, more a memorandum briefly describing a vague concept. Indeed, Schlieffen may even have written it just to persuade the government to increase the army, rather than believing it would ever be used. As a result their were problems: the plan required munitions in excess of what the German army had at that point, although they were developed in time for the war. It also required more troops on hand to attack than could be moved through the roads and railways of France. This problem was not solved, and the plan sat there, seemingly ready to use in the event of the great crisis people were expecting. Moltke Modifies the Plan Moltke’s nephew, also von Moltke, took over Schlieffen’s role in the early twentieth century. He wanted to be as great as his uncle, but was held back by not being anywhere near as skilled. He feared that Russia’s transport system had developed and they could mobilize quicker, so when working out how the plan would be run - a plan that was possibly never meant to be run but which he decided to use anyway - he altered it slightly to weaken the west and reinforce the east. However, he ignored the supply and other problems which had been left due to the vagueness of Schlieffen’s plan, and felt he had a solution. Schlieffen had, possibly accidentally, left a huge time bomb in Germany which Moltke had bought into the house. World War One When war looked likely in 1914, the Germans decided to put the Schlieffen Plan into effect, declaring war on France and attacking with multiple armies in the west, leaving one in the east. However, as the attack went ahead Moltke modified the plan even more by withdrawing more troops to the east. In addition, commanders on the ground also veered away from the design. The result was the Germans attacking Paris from the north, rather then from behind. The Germans were halted and pushed back at the Battle of the Marne, Moltke was considered to have failed and replaced in disgrace. A debate over whether the Schlieffen Plan would have worked if left alone began within moments and has continued ever since. No one then realised how little planning had gone into the original plan, and Moltke was vilified for having failed to use it properly, whereas its probably right to say he was always onto a loser with the plan, but he should be vilified for trying to use it at all.

How may one account for the significance that contemporary societies Essay

How may one account for the significance that contemporary societies attach to the problem of terrorism - Essay Example Terrorism is commonly used as a term to describe violent acts against civilian targets based on nationalistic, political or religious motivations. It is an unconventional form of war which is often used to weaken or subvert a government and the effects of a terrorist attack may be seen as a threat to international order (Baylis, 2002). However, the nature of the causes can be debated since some terrorist activities have been given support while others have been considered atrocities against humanity. For example, as described by Martin & Martin (2003), even the Boston Tea Party can be seen as a terrorist act in a technical sense but that event has been connected with a justified cause while recent acts of terrorism against the United Kingdom such as the London underground attacks are considered unjustified. If not by all concerned individuals, at least by the western world and many other civilised nations who joined the British in mourning for the loss of life and the tragedies which unfolded in the aftermath. The aftermath comes with the public asking the most important question i.e. why? They want to know how and why such an event happened and what the government is willing to do to stop these acts from occurring again. Since there is no single or easy answer to the question and different opinions can be given by different writers coming from various backgrounds, society becomes more involved in answering these questions and thus becomes more focused on the idea of terrorism. In essence, it is a drama which is unfolding live before the people and this certainly fascinates society as it has done for the past hundreds of years (Orr and Klai, 1990). Undoubtedly, terrorism certainly affects those individuals who are targets or those who have lost something due to terrorist activity (NCT, 2006). Their lives have certainly changed and they have had to deal with the aftermath in ways that others can not imagine. However, even after the most